Anatolian Milestones
A Tapestry of History
Anatolia, the cradle of civilizations, bears witness to a rich tapestry of historical events and cultural contributions. This compilation highlights key...
Lydian Language
A Blend of Anatolian Heritage
The Lydian language, belonging to the New Anatolian languages, unfolds a linguistic tale shaped by the aftermath of the Hittite...
Galen’s Philosophical Insights
Pneuma: The Universal Spirit
Drawing from his philosophical studies, Galen concluded that various bodily functions were influenced by the Pneuma, or universal spirit. He envisioned...
Understanding Human Temperaments
Galen’s Insights
Four Basic Human Temperaments
Building upon Hippocrates’ theory of the four humours, Galen proposed the concept of four basic human temperaments, each linked to...
Doctor of Gladiators
Galen’s Medical Journey
Early Medical Journey
After initially studying philosophy, especially Aristotle, Galen shifted his focus to medicine at the age of seventeen. Traveling through Greece,...
Parthian Prosperity and Eastern Challenges
Parthian Rule in Seleucia
Seleucia, the key commercial center of Iraq, thrived even more under the Parthians than it did under the Seleucids. In the...
Maccabean Struggles and Parthian Rise
Jonathan’s Leadership and Tragedy
Both Alexander I and Demetrius II sought allies, leading to favorable peace terms with the Maccabees. Jonathan became the civil and...
Parthian Expansion and Seleucid Decline
Seleucus II’s Eastern Campaign
Initially, the Seleucids were preoccupied with challenges in the west. Around 232 or 231 B.C., Seleucus II ventured eastward to quell...
Antiochus III’s Eastern Campaigns and Power Dynamics
Antiochus in Bactria and Beyond
In the following two years, Antiochus engaged in a prolonged struggle with his Bactrian counterpart, Euthydemus I, resulting in a...
Antiochus the Great and the Shifting Fortunes
Antiochus III’s Reversal of Fortunes
Antiochus III (223-187) emerged as the sole Seleucid monarch capable of halting the kingdom’s decline. Despite his efforts to rebuild...
